stem cell therapy for autism in Istanbul Turkey

Stem Cell Therapy for Autism | Dr. Serdar Kabataş Explains

Stem Cell Therapy for Autism offers New Hope for Families.

Authored by Prof. Dr. Serdar Kabataş, Neurosurgeon & Regenerative Medicine Specialist

Living with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents profound challenges for children and their families. As a neurosurgeon and expert in regenerative medicine, I have dedicated my career to exploring innovative therapies that might improve the lives of neurologically diverse children. One promising frontier is stem cell therapy, particularly using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to address the immune and neurological imbalances seen in ASD. Research in recent years has increasingly pointed to neuroinflammation and immune dysregulation as key factors in ASD’s development ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Rational use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders – PMC ). This has opened the door to therapies aimed at modulating the immune system and promoting neural repair. In this article, we will delve into how MSC therapy works, examine the latest evidence from clinical trials, and outline a potential treatment protocol – all in compassionate, clear language for families seeking answers. Prof. Dr. Serdar Kabataş, as both a surgeon and a researcher, offers a medically-grounded yet hopeful perspective on what stem cell therapy could mean for children with ASD.

ASD in Focus: ASD is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting about 1 in 100 children worldwide ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). It is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication challenges, and repetitive behaviors. Traditional interventions (behavioral therapies, educational support, and certain medications) can help manage symptoms, but many families continue to search for treatments that target ASD’s underlying biology. With no definitive cure for ASD currently available, emerging therapies like stem cell transplantation have become a beacon of hope. Importantly, any new treatment must be approached with scientific rigor and safety. Below, we explore mesenchymal stem cell therapy – what it is, why it’s being studied for autism, what the treatment journey looks like, and what current science tells us about its potential benefits and risks. Throughout, evidence-based information from recent studies and clinical trials will be provided to ensure a trustworthy and up-to-date discussion.

Understanding Immune and Neurological Imbalances in ASD

Decades of research suggest that ASD is not solely a genetic or behavioral condition – biological factors like the immune system and inflammation play a significant role in many individuals. Neuroinflammation (inflammatory activity in the brain) and abnormal immune responses have been observed in children with ASD ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Rational use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders – PMC ). For example, studies have found altered levels of cytokines (immune signaling molecules) in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with autism (Autism & Cord Blood Infographic 2018). There is even evidence that immune activation during pregnancy (such as maternal infections) may increase the risk of a child developing ASD ( Rational use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders – PMC ). These findings have led scientists to consider ASD as not just a neurodevelopmental disorder, but also an immune-related or “neuroimmune” condition ( Rational use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders – PMC ).

From a neurological standpoint, ASD brains often show differences in connectivity and sometimes in growth patterns. Neuroinflammation can potentially disrupt how brain cells connect and communicate, affecting behavior, learning, and sensory processing. Additionally, oxidative stress (an imbalance of harmful free radicals and antioxidants in the body) and mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported in some individuals with ASD (Cell therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of clinical applications | Middle East Current Psychiatry ). All of these contribute to the “immune and neurological imbalances” frequently mentioned in modern autism research.

Traditional therapies for ASD (like ABA therapy, speech therapy, and medications for symptoms) do not directly address these biological imbalances – they mainly help manage behaviors and support development. This is where the interest in a biological therapy like stem cells arises: if we could reduce chronic inflammation in the brain and modulate the immune system, could we improve ASD symptoms from the inside out? Researchers are now attempting to answer this question through clinical trials of cell-based therapies. Early results are cautiously optimistic, as we’ll see, pointing toward improvements in certain core symptoms when inflammation is calmed or brain repair mechanisms are stimulated ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ).

What Are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)?

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cell found in various tissues of the body, known for their ability to transform into different cell types (like bone, cartilage, or fat cells) and for their powerful immunomodulatory properties. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which raise ethical concerns and can form tumors, MSCs are typically harvested from adult or perinatal tissues and have a much lower risk of unwanted cell growth ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). They naturally act as the body’s “paramedics” – homing in on sites of injury or inflammation and releasing substances that aid tissue repair and calm down inflammation.

Common sources of MSCs include bone marrow, adipose (fat) tissue, and birth-associated tissues like the umbilical cord. One especially rich source is the Wharton’s Jelly of the umbilical cord – a gelatinous tissue in the cord that is abundant in MSCs. Wharton’s Jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) are advantageous because they are plentiful (each umbilical cord can provide a high yield of cells), they don’t require an invasive harvest from a donor (collecting cord tissue is easy and painless after a baby is born), and they exhibit strong anti-inflammatory and regenerative capabilities ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). In fact, WJ-MSCs have been shown to have immunosuppressive effects – they can dial down overactive immune cells – and secrete growth factors that support brain cell health and connectivity (Autism & Cord Blood Infographic 2018).

Research has demonstrated several key therapeutic actions of MSCs relevant to ASD:

In summary, MSCs act as a “multi-tool” therapy: they can tone down harmful inflammation while simultaneously fostering a more healing environment in the brain. These properties make them a logical candidate for tackling the immune and neurological disturbances seen in autism. Next, we focus on why and how MSC therapy is being used specifically for ASD.

Why Use Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Autism?

The rationale for using MSCs in ASD stems from the convergence of two scientific understandings: (1) ASD often involves immune and inflammatory dysregulation in the brain, and (2) MSCs are potent modulators of immune responses and supporters of tissue recovery. In essence, MSC therapy targets some of the root biological factors of ASD that other treatments do not address ( Rational use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders – PMC ). Here are the main reasons researchers and clinicians are exploring MSCs for autism:

  • Targeting Neuroinflammation: Chronic inflammation in the developing brain can interfere with neural circuits involved in behavior, language, and cognition. MSCs release anti-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-10) and growth factors that may reduce this neuroinflammation ( Infusion of human umbilical cord tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in children with autism spectrum disorder – PMC ) (Autism & Cord Blood Infographic 2018). By decreasing levels of pro-inflammatory signals (for example, reducing TNF-alpha, MDC, TARC, and other cytokines implicated in ASD), MSCs could potentially relieve some of the biological pressure contributing to ASD symptoms. Parents often ask if calming brain inflammation could help their child’s condition – MSC therapy is one approach being studied to do exactly that.
  • Immune System Balancing: Some children with ASD have immune irregularities – for instance, autoimmune-like activity (where the immune system might mistakenly attack neuronal cells) or generally heightened inflammation. MSCs can act as an immune “reset button.” They interact with immune cells like T lymphocytes, B cells, and macrophages to prevent overactivation. By bringing a hyperactive immune system back into balance, MSC therapy might alleviate downstream effects such as neuroinflammation and even gastrointestinal inflammation (since many kids with ASD also have gut-immune issues). In one clinical study, children who received MSCs showed changes in their immune profiles correlating with symptom improvements (Autism & Cord Blood Infographic 2018).
  • Promoting Neural Connectivity and Repair: Beyond immunomodulation, MSCs secrete factors (BDNF, NGF, VEGF, and others) that support brain cells. In ASD, where some neural pathways related to social behavior or language might be underdeveloped or not functioning optimally, MSCs could encourage the growth of new connections or the strengthening of weak ones. There is hope that this might translate into improved cognitive and language functions. Indeed, a case report demonstrated notable gains in language and gross motor skills in a young child with ASD after MSC therapy, alongside intensive rehabilitation ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). The idea is that MSCs provided a more favorable biological environment for the child’s ongoing therapies to take effect.
  • Safety Profile: Any therapy considered for children must have a very high safety bar. One reason MSCs advanced to clinical trials in autism is their track record of safety in other conditions. MSCs have been used in thousands of patients for conditions like leukemia (as adjuncts to bone marrow transplants), cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Adverse effects are generally minimal, with the main risks being transient fever or immune sensitization. No tumors have been reported from MSC therapy in autism studies, and because the cells are not fetal or embryonic, there is no ethical controversy in sourcing them ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). This safety profile made investigators (including myself) optimistic about testing MSCs in vulnerable pediatric populations like those with ASD. So far, results have been reassuring – as we’ll discuss, no serious adverse events have been reported in published ASD stem cell trials to date (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ) (Cell Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on New …).
  • Lack of Alternatives: Finally, the drive to find new treatments comes from the reality that current medical therapies for autism are limited. We have medications to reduce irritability or hyperactivity in some cases, but nothing that addresses core social communication deficits or that fundamentally changes the developmental trajectory of ASD. MSC therapy, while experimental, represents a novel approach aiming to alter the course of autism by mitigating underlying pathology rather than just managing symptoms. For many families and clinicians, this potential makes it worth rigorous exploration.

In summary, MSC therapy is pursued for ASD because it aligns with what we now know about autism’s biology – especially the roles of inflammation and immune function – and offers a scientifically plausible way to intervene in those processes. The next logical question is: what has clinical research shown so far? Let’s review the evidence from recent trials and studies around the world.

Clinical Evidence: What Do Studies and Trials Show?

Research into stem cell therapy for autism has accelerated in the past decade. Early case reports and small trials have now progressed into larger studies, including randomized controlled trials in some cases. Below, we summarize key findings from the scientific literature, emphasizing recent results (up to 2024) that shed light on efficacy and safety. Each study mentioned is referenced so interested readers can explore further.

Overall, the body of evidence as of 2025 suggests that MSC therapy for ASD can lead to improvements in behavior, socialization, and possibly language, especially when combined with standard therapies, and is generally safe (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ) (Cell Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on New …). However, it’s important to stress that these results, while promising, are not yet a guaranteed or routine treatment. Many of these studies are preliminary or had small sample sizes. The improvements, though statistically significant on group level, vary from child to child – some children are “responders” who improve a lot, while others may show only modest changes. Researchers are actively investigating why this might be (perhaps differences in each child’s biology or the exact protocol used). In the next section, we’ll outline the treatment protocol used in one of our studies and describe what a patient’s journey through stem cell therapy for autism looks like in practice.

Prof. Dr. Kabataş’s Stem Cell Therapy Protocol for ASD

As a neurosurgeon and regenerative medicine specialist in Turkey, I have been involved in developing and implementing a treatment protocol using mesenchymal stem cells for children with ASD, under clinical trial settings and with regulatory oversight. Below, I describe a typical protocol based on our experience and published case study ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). Please note that any such protocol is carried out only after thorough evaluation and appropriate approvals, as safety is paramount.

1. Comprehensive Screening: Each potential patient undergoes detailed screening to ensure they are a suitable candidate. This includes:

2. MSC Preparation: The mesenchymal stem cells used are derived from Wharton’s Jelly of donated umbilical cords in our protocol. We partner with a certified stem cell laboratory for this. Key points include:

The final MSC product is formulated for administration, typically as a sterile liquid suspension containing a specific dose of cells (e.g., a certain number of million cells per milliliter in saline). These are allogeneic MSCs (from a donor), but as noted, MSCs are unlikely to cause rejection and thus can be used “off-the-shelf”.

3. Treatment Administration: Our ASD stem cell therapy protocol involves multiple sessions of MSC delivery, using two routes:

Each session therefore consists of a combined intrathecal + IV MSC administration under one anesthesia event. The child is observed for a few hours after to ensure recovery from sedation and that there are no immediate reactions. We take vital signs, and sometimes start IV fluids to keep the child well-hydrated. Minor side effects can include mild fever or headache (from the lumbar puncture), which are treated supportively if they occur. In our experience, children generally tolerate the procedures well – often better than an adult might, since children tend to bounce back quickly. No major complications like neurological injury or systemic allergic reactions were encountered in our case or others reported ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ).

4. Number of Treatments: Based on regenerative medicine experience in other conditions, multiple doses tend to be more effective than a single dose. In our ASD protocol, we planned six sessions of MSC treatment in total ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). These sessions were spread out over time (for example, one session every 1-2 months, though the exact interval can vary). In the case study, the child received all six doses within about a 6-month period, after which we monitored progress at regular intervals ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). Spacing out the doses gives time for each infusion’s effects to develop and also ensures safety monitoring between sessions. It’s worth noting that the optimal number and frequency of MSC doses for autism is still under investigation – some trials used only one infusion, others use multiple. We hypothesized that repeated dosing might amplify and sustain the therapeutic effects, akin to how multiple therapy sessions in rehab yield cumulative gains.

5. Rehabilitation Integration: An important aspect of our approach is that MSC therapy is integrated with conventional neurorehabilitation. The child does not stop other therapies – in fact, we encourage continuing behavioral therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, etc., throughout the process. In our reported case, the patient continued specialized education and rehab during and after the stem cell treatment course ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). We believe (and early evidence suggests) that stem cells may “prime” the brain to respond better to these interventions. For example, a reduction in neuroinflammation might make a child more alert and engaged, thereby deriving more benefit from each speech therapy session. The combination of biological therapy (stem cells) with educational/behavioral interventions is a holistic strategy, addressing both the brain’s hardware (physical environment) and software (skills and behaviors).

6. Follow-Up and Monitoring: After completing the scheduled MSC sessions, we follow the child for an extended period:

Outcome Measurement: In our protocol, the primary outcomes are improvements in standardized autism assessments and developmental tests, along with safety outcomes (absence of serious adverse events). In the case example, after the full course of treatment, the child’s CARS score improved from 37 (which is in the moderate-severe autism range) to 31 (closer to moderate range, a notable reduction of 6 points) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). Developmental test scores (Denver II) improved across all domains: for instance, language skills improved from an equivalent of a 2-year-2-month level to a 3-year-9-month level – a gain of over 1.5 years in language age within a relatively short time ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). Gains were also seen in personal-social skills and fine motor skills, while gross motor skills, which were already near age-level, saw a smaller improvement ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). These objective measures corroborated the parents’ and therapists’ subjective observations of progress. It’s important to emphasize that such improvements can also occur with intensive therapy alone in some children (“catch-up” development), so having a comparison group in future trials will be key to conclusively attribute gains to the stem cells. Nonetheless, the magnitude of improvement and the coinciding timing after cell therapy in this and other reports are very promising signs.

In summary, our protocol involves careful patient selection, the use of high-quality donor MSCs, combined intrathecal and IV administration in multiple sessions, integration with conventional therapies, and rigorous follow-up. This comprehensive approach is designed to maximize potential benefits while safeguarding the child’s well-being. Next, let’s walk through what this journey feels like from a patient’s (and parent’s) perspective – the “patient journey” of undergoing stem cell therapy for ASD.

The Patient Journey: From Evaluation to Happier Horizons

Embarking on stem cell therapy for a child with ASD is undoubtedly a big decision for any family. To demystify the process, it helps to envision the journey step by step through the eyes of the parents and the child. Below is a composite narrative that illustrates what families might experience, based on real patient journeys (including those I have guided).

Initial Consultation and Hope: The journey often begins after a period of frustration with the status quo. Imagine parents, after trying traditional therapies for years, hearing about stem cell treatment from another parent or a news article. They schedule a consultation with our team. In this first meeting, we discuss the child’s history and explain what stem cell therapy involves. Emphasis is placed on realistic expectations – this is not a guaranteed cure, but a potential treatment to improve quality of life and function. We review prior medical records, and if the child seems like a good candidate, we outline the evaluation process. Parents often express a mix of hope and apprehension: hope that this could be the breakthrough for their child, and apprehension about a medical procedure. We ensure all their questions are answered, covering everything from “How do stem cells help autism?” to “What are the risks for my child?”. By the end of this visit, the family has a clear understanding of the plan and importantly, feels that they are partnering with a caring, knowledgeable team.

Screening and Preparation: Over the next few weeks, the child undergoes the recommended tests (blood draws, MRI, etc.). This can be challenging, as children with ASD may have sensory sensitivities or anxiety around medical settings. Our staff is experienced in pediatric neurodiverse care – we use gentle techniques, distraction, and even mild sedation if needed for procedures like MRI. One mother noted that the MRI under sedation was the first time she saw her son peacefully asleep without restlessness, which oddly became a small positive memory for her. Once the screening confirms it’s safe to proceed, we schedule the treatment sessions. We also coordinate with the child’s therapists to ensure therapy schedules mesh well with treatment days (perhaps avoiding a big therapy session the day after an injection, for instance). The child’s pediatrician is kept in the loop as well.

First Treatment Session: The big day arrives for the first stem cell infusion. The child comes to the hospital with their parents in the morning. They bring along comfort items (a favorite toy or tablet with cartoons) to ease the wait. After some routine pre-procedure checks, the child is given a sedative and then anesthesia – they gently fall asleep in their parent’s arms and are then taken into the procedure room. The parents wait anxiously but are reassured knowing this is similar to many routine surgeries where kids are put to sleep briefly. In under an hour, the combined intrathecal and IV infusion is done. When the child wakes up in recovery, a parent is right there. Typically, children wake a bit groggy and may have a slight headache. We monitor for a few hours. In one case, by early evening the child was alert enough to demand their favorite snack – a sign of recovery. The family stays overnight nearby just in case, but usually by next morning, the child is back to their baseline behavior. We often hear that the child was extra sleepy the first night (from the anesthesia) but otherwise fine. The parents are relieved the first hurdle is over.

Between Sessions – Noticing Changes: Over the ensuing days and weeks, life continues with therapy appointments, school (if the child is school-aged), and daily routines. Parents are observant for any changes. Some changes are subtle: for example, a mother might notice her son is making slightly more eye contact during play, or a father observes that his daughter had a calmer week with fewer tantrums than usual. It can be hard to tell if it’s due to the stem cells or just normal fluctuations. We usually advise families to keep a simple journal of observations. By the time of the second or third MSC session, some patterns often emerge – perhaps the child is trying to use more words, or is less disturbed by loud noises, or starts sleeping better at night. In our patient example, after a couple of doses, the previously non-verbal child spoke his first spontaneous word (“Mama”) while at home, much to the astonishment and joy of his parents. Such a milestone after years of silence was incredibly heartening, though we remain cautiously optimistic until we see sustained progress.

Subsequent Treatments: Each session tends to be easier than the last, as the family knows what to expect. The child, too, becomes familiar with the hospital routine and staff (though the concept of the treatment is beyond their understanding, the friendly faces and post-treatment lollipops create a positive association). We space the sessions appropriately; sometimes if a child is showing good improvements, families become eager to accelerate the schedule – but we stick to the protocol to allow proper monitoring. By the last (sixth) session, there is a sense of accomplishment. The child has gotten through all the medical procedures bravely (with a little medicinal help), and the parents have done their best to support them through it.

Follow-Up and Therapy Integration: After finishing the MSC infusions, focus shifts fully to ongoing therapies and monitoring progress. Follow-up visits are less intense – no procedures, just evaluations and talking through any changes. For many families, the months following treatment feel like a time of “watchful waiting with hope.” They know that if improvements are to manifest, they might do so gradually. Some improvements might appear shortly after a session, others only become evident after several months. For example, one child started speaking short sentences for the first time around 4 months after his last infusion, surprising his speech therapist during a session. Another child who had been highly sensitive to touch began to tolerate haircuts and hugging family members about 6 months post-treatment, indicating reduced sensory aversions. These kinds of developmental leaps are celebrated. We compare notes at each follow-up: standardized test scores alongside the parents’ anecdotal reports. Both are important – numbers provide objectivity, but stories and videos the parents share (often showing side-by-side comparisons of behaviors “before and after”) capture the real-world impact.

Reflecting on Outcomes: By the 1-2 year mark, we usually have a clear picture of how much the child has gained. In our experience, every child treated so far has shown some improvement, though the degree varies. Some children make modest gains (e.g., a bit more attention and eye contact), while others make more substantial progress (e.g., developing functional speech or learning in a mainstream classroom with support). It is particularly touching when a child gains a skill that significantly improves daily life – like saying “I need bathroom” instead of crying (reducing frustration for everyone), or learning to tie their shoes, or initiating play with a sibling for the first time. Parents have described these developments as “unlocking” parts of their child that seemed unreachable before. Families also often report an improvement in quality of life: if the child is calmer and more communicative, outings and social activities become easier, and overall family stress levels decrease.

It’s important to also acknowledge when expectations aren’t met. Not every hoped-for change will occur. For instance, if a child still has very limited speech after treatment, parents might feel disappointed. We provide support in interpreting the outcomes – pointing out any positive changes that did occur, and reminding that continued therapies can further build on the new gains. Stem cell therapy is not an end of the road, but rather one step in a lifelong journey of managing ASD. Families are encouraged to maintain realistic optimism: their child’s trajectory may have improved, but ongoing effort is needed to help the child reach their full potential.

Community and Support: Another aspect of the patient journey is the sense of community that can develop. In our program, families going through the process around the same time often connect with each other, sharing experiences and tips. Seasoned parents sometimes mentor newer ones. This peer support adds an emotional safety net. Additionally, being part of a clinical trial or treatment program often makes families feel they are contributing to a larger cause – the knowledge gained will help other children in the future. That altruistic element can be empowering.

In conclusion, the patient journey through stem cell therapy for autism is one of courage and cautious hope. It involves medical rigor, multidisciplinary care, and the unwavering dedication of parents fighting for their child’s better future. By understanding this journey, other families considering such treatments can better prepare and make informed decisions.

Therapeutic Goals and Potential Benefits

What do clinicians and families aim to achieve with mesenchymal stem cell therapy in ASD? It’s crucial to outline therapeutic goals clearly. While every child is different, most treatment programs target improvements in several core areas: behavior, language and communication, cognitive function, and sensory integration. Let’s break these down, along with evidence of what improvements have been observed so far:

  • Behavioral Improvements: Many children with ASD struggle with behaviors like irritability, aggression, hyperactivity, or severe repetitive actions. One therapeutic goal is to reduce these challenging behaviors, making the child more calm and manageable. In stem cell trials, parents and clinicians often use instruments like the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) to quantify changes. As mentioned, a meta-analysis found significant reductions in ABC scores after stem cell therapy (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ), which corresponds to improvements in behaviors such as hyperactivity and inappropriate speech. Clinically, we have seen children become less prone to tantrums and more adaptable to changes in routine post-therapy. For example, a boy who would meltdown with any change in schedule became noticeably more flexible and could handle small surprises after MSC treatment. Such behavioral calming can also open the door for more learning and social interaction.
  • Language and Communication: Perhaps the most poignant goal for many families is to improve the child’s ability to communicate – whether through speech, augmentative tools, or improved social communication like eye contact and gestures. Language gains have indeed been reported in some stem cell studies. In our case report, language development showed the greatest leap among developmental domains after MSC therapy (from a 2-year level to nearly a 4-year level in a toddler, in terms of comprehension and expressive language) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). Other trials also document children speaking new words or improving their receptive language. For non-verbal children, even gaining a few words or using picture boards meaningfully can dramatically improve their world. Communication improvements are often measured by scales like the Vineland Communication domain or specific speech evaluations. While the meta-analysis did not show a large change in Vineland communication standard scores across studies (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ), some individual trials have reported meaningful gains in subsets of children. Clinicians also use tools like the CELF (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals) or observe pragmatic language use in social settings. The goal is not necessarily fluent speech for every child, but progress along their own trajectory – e.g., from babbling to single words, or from single words to short sentences, or even from scripted/echoed speech to more spontaneous, context-appropriate speech. An illustrative success story: a 6-year-old girl, mostly non-speaking before treatment, learned to say “hungry” and “play” to indicate her needs afterward – small words that had a big impact on her autonomy and reduced her frustration-driven crying.
  • Social and Cognitive Function: Another goal area is improving social interaction and cognitive skills. Socially, this might mean more eye contact, initiating play with peers, or showing affection to family – essentially, becoming more engaged with the world around them. Cognitively, it could mean better attention span, problem-solving, or school-readiness skills. In clinical terms, improvements here might be captured by a reduction in autism severity on scales like CARS (as seen in multiple studies (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports )) or improvements in IQ or developmental quotients in some reports. For example, an open-label trial in India noted increases in IQ scores in some children post stem-cell therapy versus baseline. In our experience, one significant cognitive change can be a child’s ability to learn new skills faster after treatment than before. Parents and therapists have commented that after MSC therapy, their child seemed to “catch on” to concepts more readily, whether it was learning new words, picking up toilet training, or understanding simple instructions. This suggests the therapy may enhance neuroplasticity – the brain’s capacity to form new connections, which is crucial for cognitive development. Another subtle but important social outcome reported anecdotally is an increase in emotional connection – children becoming more affectionate, seeking comfort from parents, or smiling in response to others. Such changes greatly enrich family interactions and the child’s own emotional well-being.
  • Sensory Integration and Physical Skills: ASD often comes with sensory processing issues – some children are oversensitive to stimuli (e.g., covering ears for sounds, avoiding certain textures) while others may seek sensory input (e.g., spinning, bumping into things). Sensory integration improvements are a targeted goal, as better sensory processing can reduce distress and improve focus. While not as extensively measured in trials, there are observations that children post-stem-cell therapy sometimes show reduced sensory sensitivities. For instance, a child who could not tolerate certain food textures began trying a wider variety of foods (suggesting improved oral sensory tolerance), or a child who used to avoid touching sand or play-dough started to engage in messy play. These are qualitative improvements noted by parents or occupational therapists. Physical or motor skills can also benefit, especially fine motor coordination and gross motor planning, which are related to sensory integration. In our case report, we saw gains in gross motor function (like better balance and coordination) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ), possibly because the neurotrophic effects of MSCs aided overall neural development. While motor delays are not a primary feature of autism, some kids do have them, and any improvement can help in daily activities (like running, climbing, handwriting, etc.). Therapists often do standardized tests (like the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales) to quantify motor changes. Our goal in this domain is to help the child be more comfortable in their body and environment – whether that means not being overwhelmed by a bright, noisy room or gaining the ability to dress themselves without as much struggle with buttons and zippers.
  • Adaptive Functioning and Quality of Life: Ultimately, all the above improvements feed into better adaptive functioning – i.e., the child’s ability to handle everyday tasks and participate in family and community life. Goals here are measured by things like the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (communication, daily living skills, socialization, motor skills) or simply the child’s success in school and at home. An ideal outcome of stem cell therapy (paired with ongoing education) would be for a non-verbal child to become verbal enough to attend a mainstream or special education class without one-on-one support, or for a previously isolated child to make a friend or enjoy a birthday party without breakdowns. We strive for any step in that direction. In our follow-ups, we always ask parents: “How has your day-to-day life changed?” One parent reported that before treatment, taking her son to the grocery store was impossible due to meltdowns from sensory overload; a year after treatment, she could do short grocery trips with him happily riding in the cart. These quality-of-life victories, however small they seem, are huge for families. They represent the child being more connected, capable, and comfortable in the world – which is the overarching goal of any autism therapy, including stem cell treatment.

It should be noted that while significant improvements are possible, cure is not the current expectation. Autism is a complex condition with deep developmental origins. The goal of stem cell therapy is to mitigate some of the disabling symptoms and enhance the child’s developmental trajectory, not to erase their autism. Many children who improve still retain some autistic traits (and many of those traits are part of who they are). Thus, we frame success as helping the child reach their full potential and improving areas of difficulty, rather than trying to change who the child is.

Safety and Ethical Considerations

Whenever a new therapy is considered – especially for children – safety is the top priority. Stem cell therapy for ASD, while promising, is still relatively new, and thus it falls under careful scrutiny by medical professionals and regulatory bodies. Here we address safety aspects and ethical standards that are essential in this field:

Safety Record in Trials: The accumulated evidence so far indicates that mesenchymal stem cell therapy is generally safe in children with autism (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ) (Cell Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on New …). Across multiple studies and hundreds of patients, no serious adverse events causally linked to the therapy have been reported. In practical terms, this means there were no life-threatening reactions, no cases of organ damage, and no instances of uncontrolled infection or tumor formation associated with the treatment in these trials. Minor and transient side effects have been observed, which include:

  • Transient Fever: A small percentage of children may develop a low-grade fever within a day of infusion. This is thought to be a mild immune reaction to the introduced cells and typically resolves on its own or with a little acetaminophen.
  • Headache or Back Pain: Specifically related to the lumbar puncture (intrathecal injection), some patients might experience a post-spinal headache or localized back soreness. In our experience, this has been rare in young children, likely because they are kept lying down for a while after the procedure and they recover quickly. When it occurs, we manage it with hydration and rest, and it usually resolves within 48 hours.
  • Agitation During IV Infusion: As noted in the Duke trial, some children got fussy during the intravenous infusion ( Infusion of human umbilical cord tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in children with autism spectrum disorder – PMC ), possibly due to being restrained for the drip. This is managed with comfort measures or a mild sedative if needed.
  • Immune Sensitization: The formation of antibodies against donor MSCs was detected in a subset of children (about 40% in one study) ( Infusion of human umbilical cord tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in children with autism spectrum disorder – PMC ). However, these antibodies did not cause any illness or rejection syndrome. It’s something to monitor; in theory, repeated exposure to donor cells could prime the immune system, so future doses might be less effective or cause a reaction. So far, that hasn’t been observed clinically, but ongoing vigilance is important. If a child needed multiple courses of treatment over years, one might consider checking for such antibodies.

Long-Term Safety: We now have follow-up data extending 1-2 years (or more, in some cases) after treatment, and these have not revealed late-onset problems. Specifically:

Ethical Conduct and Regulatory Oversight: Ethically, it is essential that stem cell therapy for autism be conducted in the context of clinical trials or approved clinical protocols. Parents reading this should be wary of any “stem cell clinics” that offer treatment without oversight or evidence – unfortunately, the hype around stem cells has led to a rise of unregulated clinics globally. Prof. Dr. Serdar Kabataş and peers worldwide adhere to strict guidelines:

  • Proper ethical approval (from institutional review boards or ethics committees) is obtained before treating patients experimentally.
  • Informed consent is taken with transparency about the experimental nature of the therapy and what is known or unknown.
  • Treatments are often part of registered clinical trials or compassionate use programs with governmental health authority approval (as in our case with the Turkish Ministry of Health’s authorization) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). This ensures accountability and that data is being collected systematically.
  • No exploitation: Reputable programs do not advertise stem cell therapy as a guaranteed cure, nor do they charge exorbitant fees without a scientific basis. (Costs, when present, usually go towards the cell processing and clinical care, and in many trials, research grants or institutions cover a good portion of costs for participants). It is an ethical red flag if a clinic demands large out-of-pocket payments and makes wild claims of cure – families must do due diligence.

Source and Quality of Cells: Ethically sourced cells (like donated umbilical cords) and quality-controlled manufacturing (GMP) have been covered, but to reiterate: safety is heavily dependent on the quality of the stem cell product. All cells used in our protocol and reputable trials are screened and tested extensively ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). This is a key safety measure – contaminated or improperly handled cells could cause infection or other risks. Hence, we only use cells from licensed facilities. Parents should ensure any treatment they consider uses regulated, tested cell products.

Risk-Benefit Balance: When considering any intervention, one weighs potential benefits against risks. In autism, where the condition can significantly impair life, and current treatments have limited scope, many parents and physicians feel that the low risks of MSC therapy (as currently understood) are justified by the potential gains. Especially given that MSC therapy is not permanent or irreversible – if it helps, wonderful; if it doesn’t, at least it likely will not have caused harm, according to data so far. That said, continued research is necessary to fully understand long-term outcomes. We advise families that stem cell therapy complements ongoing therapies, and they should not forgo proven behavioral interventions in favor of it. The ethical approach is integrative, not either-or.

Professional Consensus and Guidelines: It’s worth noting that while the research community is enthusiastic, major health organizations have not yet endorsed stem cell therapy as a standard treatment for autism as of 2025. This is primarily because we still await larger Phase III trials for conclusive evidence. For instance, groups like the American Academy of Pediatrics or Neurology Societies urge that stem cell treatments be confined to research settings until more evidence is available (Stem cell therapy and autism | Raising Children Network). Prof. Dr. Kabataş and colleagues align with this – advocating for science-based progress and discouraging “stem cell tourism” to unverified centers. The hope is that in the near future, enough high-quality evidence will accumulate to inform official guidelines. In the meantime, maintaining high ethical standards protects patients and the integrity of the research.

Safety Protocols: During treatments, we have numerous safety protocols: emergency medications and equipment on standby (though never needed so far), standard operating procedures for injection to minimize any technical complications, and immediate access to pediatric intensive care if something were to go awry (e.g., an unexpected allergic reaction). These precautions have thankfully been rarely, if ever, called into action, but they are in place to ensure that if a risk emerges, we can manage it promptly.

In conclusion, safety data for MSC therapy in autism is very favorable up to this point, and ethical practice demands careful oversight and patient-centered transparency. Families considering this therapy should do so within clinical trials or programs that uphold these standards. When done properly, stem cell therapy for ASD appears to meet the crucial standard of “do no harm,” and we continually strive to learn and mitigate any risks further.

Future Outlook and Conclusion

The field of stem cell therapy for autism is rapidly evolving. Looking ahead, we see a horizon filled with both promise and the need for further discovery. In this concluding section, let’s explore what the future may hold, and sum up the key takeaways of our discussion.

Towards Standardized Treatments: In the coming years, we anticipate larger Phase II/III clinical trials will be completed. These studies will enroll more children, include placebo control groups, and be conducted across multiple centers internationally. Such trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy seen in early studies and to convince regulatory agencies (like the FDA or EMA) to approve stem cell therapy as an indicated treatment for ASD. If the results continue to be positive – for example, demonstrating significant improvements in social function or language in treated children versus controls – we could see MSC therapy become a standard part of autism care in the future. This might mean that, say, five years from now, a physician could prescribe a course of MSC infusions for a child with ASD as an accepted adjunct to behavioral therapy, possibly covered by insurance in some health systems.

Refining Protocols: Future research is also aimed at refining how we use stem cells for autism. Questions being investigated include: What is the optimal age to treat? (Some hypothesize earlier in development, such as ages 3-5, might yield more impact, taking advantage of brain plasticity, whereas others see potential even in older children or teens.) What is the ideal number of doses and interval? (Ongoing studies are comparing single vs. multiple doses, and looking at the durability of benefits. Our protocol used six doses, but perhaps fewer could suffice or conversely, some children might benefit from yearly “boosters.”) What is the best source of stem cells? (While umbilical cord MSCs are popular due to availability, some trials are investigating autologous cells like the child’s own bone marrow cells, or other cell types like cord blood cells or neural progenitor cells. Each has pros and cons in terms of ease and effect.) By answering these questions, the treatment approach can become more personalized. It’s plausible that in the future, a doctor might run specific blood tests (e.g., measuring inflammatory markers or genetic factors) to predict which children will respond best to MSC therapy, and tailor the treatment accordingly – a step towards precision medicine in autism.

Combination Therapies: Another exciting avenue is combining stem cell therapy with other emerging treatments. For instance, some researchers are interested in exosomes – tiny vesicles secreted by MSCs that carry proteins and RNA. These exosomes might mimic many benefits of the cells and could be given as a cell-free therapy, which might sidestep some immune issues. Combining MSC infusions with oxygen therapy (like hyperbaric oxygen) or anti-inflammatory medications is also being explored to see if there’s a synergistic effect. Additionally, stem cells might be used alongside genetic therapies in cases of known autism-related mutations, addressing multiple aspects of the condition. The principle is that ASD likely needs a multipronged approach, and MSCs could be one important component among others.

Understanding Mechanisms: On a scientific front, ongoing and future studies using advanced techniques (like neuroimaging and molecular profiling) will help us understand how exactly MSCs are helping. Are they reducing specific inflammatory signals in the CSF? Are they enhancing connectivity in particular brain networks (perhaps the social brain network)? Brain scans (MRI, EEG) before and after treatment in trial participants may reveal changes such as improved functional connectivity or neural activity patterns correlating with clinical improvements. For example, a future study might show that children who responded to MSC therapy have reduced neuroinflammation on PET scans or normalized levels of certain cytokines in spinal fluid. Such insights will solidify the biological rationale and possibly silence remaining skeptics. They can also identify biomarkers of response, meaning we could potentially have a test to predict or confirm that a given child is responding to the therapy biologically.

Safety and Regulatory Evolution: As more data accumulates, safety guidelines will be continually updated. Regulatory agencies might outline specific standards for stem cell use in ASD – for instance, requiring certain cell characterization or dosing limits to ensure uniformity and safety across treatment centers. The good news is the safety profile has been strong, but vigilance remains – very long-term follow-ups (5-10 years) of treated children will be important to rule out any late effects. So far, it looks quite safe long-term, but medicine always errs on the side of caution. Ethically, widespread adoption will require addressing access issues too: ensuring that if this becomes an approved therapy, it is not prohibitively expensive and is accessible beyond just a few elite centers. The involvement of public health systems and insurance will hinge on cost-effectiveness studies; if stem cell therapy significantly improves outcomes, it could reduce the lifetime cost of care for an individual with ASD (for instance, by reducing need for special services), an argument that will be examined in health economics research.

Empowering Families with Information: In the interim, as research progresses, education for families is crucial. Efforts are being made to provide balanced information (like this article aims to do) so that parents can make informed choices and avoid potentially fraudulent claims. Organizations are likely to release consensus statements that clarify what is proven and what is experimental. For instance, the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) and autism research foundations may collaborate on issuing patient guidelines for stem cell therapies. Prof. Dr. Kabataş, through his role (e.g., President of the Stem Cell and Cellular Therapies Society in Turkey), and other leaders will continue working to set high ethical bars and accurate dissemination of knowledge.

A Glimpse of Hope: While maintaining scientific prudence, it’s impossible to ignore the genuine hope stem cell therapy has ignited. We are beginning to see children who were once very limited in their abilities make strides that previously might not have been thought possible. The emotional impact of hearing a child speak their first words or give their first hug because of a treatment is immeasurable. Many researchers (myself included) are driven by these successes to further improve the therapy. The future may even explore whether earlier intervention – perhaps treating infants at high risk of autism (e.g., siblings of autistic children who show early signs) – could alter developmental pathways preemptively. That’s a complex and ethically sensitive idea, but it underscores how far this field could go if current trends continue positively.

Conclusion: In closing, mesenchymal stem cell therapy stands at the frontier of autism treatment, bridging the gap between our expanding knowledge of ASD’s biology and tangible clinical interventions. Under the experienced guidance of physicians and scientists like Prof. Dr. Serdar Kabataş, this therapy is moving from experimental case reports towards a potential mainstream option, backed by rigorous evidence and safety standards. For international families reading this, the key messages are: there is reason for hope, grounded in science, and you are not alone on this journey. The global medical community is working tirelessly to unlock new therapies that can improve the lives of children with ASD. Stem cell therapy for autism is a story in progress – one that so far reads with optimism, compassion, and a deep commitment to doing it right.

As we await more definitive answers from ongoing research, families can take heart that every small step – every new word uttered, every behavior calmed, every connection made – is a victory. And it is the accumulation of these victories, guided by science, that is steadily transforming autism care. The future indeed looks brighter, with the promise that regenerative medicine like MSC therapy may one day help rewrite the narrative of ASD from one of lifelong challenges to one of achievable improvements and empowered potential.

References

  1. Kabataş S, et al. (2025). Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. World J Methodol, 15(1):95857. This clinical report documented a case where a 4-year-old with ASD received six doses of Wharton’s Jelly-derived MSCs combined with neurorehabilitation, leading to significant improvements in language and motor skills over 2 years and no serious side effects ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ) ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ).
  2. Villarreal-Martínez L, et al. (2022). Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Stem Cell Rev Rep, 18:155–164. A meta-analysis of 11 studies (461 patients) showing that stem cell therapy significantly improved autism behavior scores (ABC, CARS) with no serious adverse events reported (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ) (Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ).
  3. Akat A & Karaöz E. (2023). Cell therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of clinical applications. Middle East Curr Psychiatry, 30:94. This review found that various cell therapy strategies (including MSCs and cord blood cells) offer a promising and novel approach for ASD, noting immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative effects and calling for further research to optimize protocols (Cell therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of clinical applications | Middle East Current Psychiatry ) (Cell therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of clinical applications | Middle East Current Psychiatry ).
  4. Sun JM, et al. (2020). Infusion of human umbilical cord tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in children with autism spectrum disorder. Stem Cells Transl Med, 9(9):1137-1148. Duke University Phase I trial demonstrating that IV infusion of allogeneic cord tissue MSCs in 12 children with ASD was safe and feasible; 50% of children showed improvement in at least two autism-specific assessments, and no serious adverse effects occurred (aside from some developing benign anti-HLA antibodies) ( Infusion of human umbilical cord tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in children with autism spectrum disorder – PMC ) ( Infusion of human umbilical cord tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in children with autism spectrum disorder – PMC ).
  5. Lv YT, et al. (2013). Transplantation of human cord blood mononuclear cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in autism. J Transl Med, 11:196. An early open-label study combining cord blood cells and MSCs in children with autism, which suggested improvements in symptoms and provided initial evidence supporting the safety and potential efficacy of cell therapies in ASD ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ).
  6. Maric NP, et al. (2020). Autism treatment with stem cells: a case report. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 24(15):8075-8080. This case report described an autistic child treated with autologous stem cells (from the child’s own bone marrow), noting behavioral improvements and no adverse effects ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ). It adds to the safety profile of using the patient’s own cells.
  7. Nabetani M, et al. (2023). Cell therapies for autism spectrum disorder based on new pathophysiology: A review. Cell Transplant, 32:9636897231163217. A review that evaluated 10 clinical studies on cell therapies in ASD, concluding that most showed positive outcomes (improved symptoms) with no remarkable adverse events, aligning with the general consensus on safety (Cell Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on New …).
  8. Sharifzadeh N, et al. (2018). Intrathecal autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy in children with autism: a randomized controlled trial. (Study presented in Cochrane Library synopsis). This RCT provided evidence that autologous stem cell therapy (via intrathecal route) can be performed safely in children with ASD and indicated some improvement in neuropsychological outcomes compared to controls (Intrathecal autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy in children …). It supports the potential efficacy of cell therapy in a controlled trial setting.
  9. Weiss ML, et al. (2008). Immune properties of human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived cells. Stem Cells, 26(11):2865–2874. A foundational study on WJ-MSCs showing their immunomodulatory properties. It explains why WJ-MSCs can be transplanted between individuals with minimal immune reaction ( Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation – PMC ), underpinning the rationale for their use in allogeneic treatments for ASD.
  10. Theoharides TC, et al. (2009). Autism: an emerging “neuroimmune disorder” in search of therapy. Expert Opin Pharm, 10(13):2127–2143. This paper highlighted autism as a neuroimmune condition, providing background for immunologically targeted therapies. It set the stage for considering treatments like MSCs that address immune-inflammation components of ASD.

    FAQ

    What are the symptoms of autism?

    Autism affects everyone differently, but some common experiences include: struggling with social interactions and talking, engaging in repetitive activities, having narrow interests, feeling overly sensitive to sights, sounds, or textures, being very active or passive, finding change hard, and facing challenges with learning and processing information.

    What is stem cell therapy?

    Stem cell therapy is a type of treatment that uses stem cells to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissue. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body.

    How does stem cell therapy work for autism?

    Stem cells may be able to help repair or replace damaged neurons in the brain, which could lead to improved social interaction, communication, and behavior.

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